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How Paleozoic vines and lianas got off the ground: On scrambling and climbing carboniferous-early permian pteridosperms

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Abstract

Late Paleozoic pteridosperms displayed various growth habits, including arborescent, leaning, and scrambling and/or climbing forms. This article reviews information gathered to date on vine- and liana-like forms among these plants, based on impression/compression material and cuticle preparations from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of Europe and North America. Vine- and liana-like pteridosperms used various modes of attachment for both anchorage and support. Such adaptations are very similar (and perhaps analogous) to those that exist in extant angiosperms and include hooks, leaflet tendrils, tendrils terminating in adhesive pads, and aerial adventitious roots. A number of morphological features of scrambling/climbing pteridosperms (e.g., tiny, deeply sunken stomata, marginal water pits, various types of secretory structures, and heterophylly) are considered as they relate to the autecological significance where they may be related to special physiological requirements necessary in the scrambling/climbing growth habit. We hypothesize that scrambling and/or climbing pteridosperms may have played an important role in some of the late Paleozoic coal-swamp forest ecosystems, perhaps even comparable to the role of angiospermous vines/lianas in tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems today.

Zusammenfassung

Jungpaläozoische Pteridospermen besaßen unterschiedliche Wuchsformen; einige Taxa waren freistehende Bäume, andere Formen stützten ihre Körper durch Anlehnen, wieder andere waren Spreizklimmer oder Kletterpflanzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht über Spreizklimmer und Kletterer unter den Abdrucktaxa oberkarbonischer und unterpermischer Pteridospermen aus Europa und Nordamerika. Anhand von Abdruckfossilien und Kutikulapräparationen kann demonstriert werden, daß spreizklimmende/kletternde Pteridospermen verschiedene Kletterhilfen (z.B. Haken, Blattfadenranken, Haftscheibenranken, Adventivwurzeln) zur Verankerung ihrer Körper an Stützen ausbildeten, die denen heutiger spreizklimmender/kletternder Angiospermen sehr ähnlich sind und vielleicht analoge Bildungen darstellen. Auffällige Merkmale spreizklimmender/kletternder Pteridospermen (z.B. winzige, tief eingesenkte Stomata, marginale Wassergruben, verschiedene Sekretionseinrichtungen, Heterophyllie) werden im Zusammenhang mit ihrer möglichen ökologischen Bedeutung diskutiert—einige stellen offensichtlich Adaptationen an die besonderen Anforderungen und Limitationen der spreizklimmenden/kletternden Lebensweise dar. Wir vermuten, daß spreizklimmende und kletternde Pteridospermen in einigen jungpaläozoischen Sumpfwald-Ökosystemen eine wichtige Rolle gespielt haben, die vielleicht sogar mit der Rolle spreizklimmender und kletternder Angiospermen in heutigen tropischen und subtropischen Waldökosystemen vergleichbar ist.

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  1. Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie und GeoBio-CenterLUM, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10 D, 80333, Munich, Germany

    Michael Krings

  2. Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik am Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Hindenburgplatz 57, D-48143, Munich, Germany

    Hans Kerp

  3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, 66045-7534, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Thomas N. Taylor & Edith L. Taylor

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Krings, M., Kerp, H., Taylor, T.N. et al. How Paleozoic vines and lianas got off the ground: On scrambling and climbing carboniferous-early permian pteridosperms. Bot. Rev 69, 204–224 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0204:HPVALG]2.0.CO;2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069[0204:HPVALG]2.0.CO;2

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